This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq architecture in the area. The original scheme of the Mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the Mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the architecture of the Mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq Mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the Mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the Mosque as a further example of the two- īwān Mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the Mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the Mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time.

The purpose of this article is to do a sociological study of Mosque focusing on Mosque discourses in contemporary Iran. Our major question is how we can demonstrate Mosque in the context of modern Iranian society? To examine this question I analyze Mosques discourse to contextualize the institution of Mosque in its historical, social, cultural and political grounds. So, we do not examine the Mosque from religious knowledge and perspectives. By Mosque discourses, I mean all different theories, conceptions and knowledge on Mosque. These Mosque discourses are produced according to given historical time and conditions, and are presented in the works and ideas of scholars, clerics, writers, media and press. In this study, I have classified all Mosque discourses into four categories including traditional, secular, revolutionary ideological and critical ideological discourses. These are the dominant Mosque discourses in contemporary Iran. Based on this study, I have examined and identified some of problems and challenges of the institution of Mosque in today Iran. The last section of this article presents a methodological approach to study Mosque.

The present paper intends to answer the ambiguities which are proposed about the form originality of Tabriz Blue Mosque. The reasons for uncertainties about the form originality and the architectural method of this building are related to its planning method and special volumetric composition that have led it to be distinguished from other architectural types of Mosques in Iran, in a way that, from the viewpoint of form pedigree no similar building can be found before or after it that indicates the logical sequence of a special architectural experience. So, in the architectural background of Iranian Mosque, the idea used in architectural creation of Tabriz Blue Mosque is such a single star that shone only once and disappeared. Based on what is mentioned, the present paper intends to answer the following questions: A) In which country’s architectural culture the architectural identity of Tabriz Blue Mosque is rooted? B) If the volumetric composition of this building is retrieved from the imported architectural patterns, why does its image manifest Iranian architectural elements? C) How and to what extent the final development of this architectural monument is influenced by cultural atmosphere of the Tabriz of ninth century? From the viewpoint of nature and content of discussion, this paper has been written in a descriptive-analytical method and in the stage of comparative study with other architectural models, the deductive method of investigation is also utilized. It can be inferred that although the Blue Mosque building belongs to some Ottoman architectural monuments from the form point of view, the Iranian architects constructing it who were artists from the territory using Azeri method of Iranian architecture, by applying their indigenous thought and traditional techniques, intermingle the imported architectural form of this Mosque with Iranian architectural culture in a way that the final product becomes a part of Iranian architectural discourse.

Sacred art is hidden at the heart of traditional art and is directly related to the truth and divine encryption while linking the body of holy architecture to the covert essence. Hence, this study aims to explain spatiality in contemporary Mosques of Iran based on the material elements of sensory perceptions available in the setting to find the quality of the external environment or exterior of the contemporary Mosques. For this purpose, a hypothesis is designed indicating a direct relationship exists between spatiality and sensory perceptions, and physical elements in the external environment of contemporary Mosques in Iran shape this spatiality. Using qualitative research methods, philosophical approach, and inductive reasoning as library and field methods for data collecting, the present study concluded that spatiality in Al-Ghadir and Al-Reza Mosques in Tehran is in line and in size of embodying the material affair based on the physical elements located in the external environment, symbols, form, and human presence in this space, and is created regarding the movement and dynamism in the environment along with sensory perceptions. In Al-Ghadir Mosque of Tehran, the pilgrim is involved in a limited space and does not feel any new experience of moving in the space at any moment when moving in the space. In the Al-Reza Mosque of Tehran, the form and materials used in the external environment of this Mosque indicate that it has not been constructed to improve pilgrims' sensory perceptions of the external environment and help them to travel to the world of mysticism. Hence, this Mosque does not represent a mystical environment for pilgrims as much as the setting provided by Al-Ghadir Mosque. In Al-Ghadir and Al-Reza Mosques, therefore, geometry and volumetricity (cubism) are more important than Qibla for the spatial arrangement of the external environment; hence, the concept of eternity is not conveyed to the pilgrims when attending these Mosques.

In this paper, the sys tem of language and architecture has been s tudied in three levels of elemental, s tructural and semantic in cases of traditional and modern Mosques in Iran through the method of analyzing the content of texts and in a conceptual model. Then, in a comparative method, the common patterns of these sys tems have been explained at all three levels. The common features at the elemental level included double-edged signs, the notion of sign value, as well as syntagmatic relations. Concepts such as the two-way functioning of the sys tems, textuality and spatial cohesion were identified at the s tructural level. The concepts of marking, explicit and implicit meanings, and metaphors were inves tigated at the semantic level of the architecture of the Mosques. In the following, the variables were categorized in tables based on the concepts and the data were analyzed through inferential analysis. Then, the findings were coded based on the indices of each variable. On this basis, it became clear that the common patterns, the mental forms of the language sign sys tem can be translated into the physical forms of the architecture sys tem through representation. The respondent also reads or interprets based on a picture or a represented form when confronting the representation. The research findings indicate that readings are based on the collective language and interpretations are based on the individual’ s personal language. In the meantime, the cultural, his torical, and ethnic contexts, as well as the role of mass media are of high prominence.

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In the process of the formation of the Islamic Revolution, one of the most important Mosques in places of assembly and protest, and the formation of the protests against the Shah's Regime. The gathering of the masses in Mosque was an important factor in the formation of public demonstrations and protests against the Shah's regime. Mosques important tool for communicating with different walks of life and the people would hear the. message of revolution.

Since establishment of the Herbarium Ministerii Iranici Agriculturae ("Iran") in 1945, during field excursions to different regions of Iran, while sampling flowering plants along with some minor collections of mosses, after establishment of the herbarium of mosses in 1997, in order to expanding the said herbarium, regular samplings were started by the author in the form of research projects. While trying to identify the moss samples, taking into consideration of extensive molecular researches and phylogenetic analyses which are being carried out worlwidely, the scientific names of this group of plants, resembling other plants, are always subject to change at different taxonomic levels, hence it becomes necessary to update this information every now and then. Based on this, by reviewing all the moss samples in the above-mentioned herbarium using reliable sources, more than 240 species were identified, of which the names of 39 taxa were updated. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to present the first list of mosses of the “, Iran”,herbarium including 248 species, 92 genera belonging to 37 families under 12 orders and four classes.

Introduction: Mosques have always played a significant role in Islamic societies, with group communication holding particular importance in these environments. Among all forms of communication, face-to-face communication stands out as one of the most effective and prevalent, especially within Mosques. The ongoing presence of individuals during daily prayers facilitates this face-to-face interaction, fostering increased communication and social interaction among participants. Strengthening these interpersonal connections and guiding individuals can lead to more fruitful outcomes from these relationships. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to examine group communication within the context of Safa Mosque. The conceptual framework of this research is grounded in group dynamics, chosen due to its emphasis on interaction and communication within small, dense, and interdependent groups, as exemplified by the social fabric of Safa Mosque. The theory of group dynamics posits that individual behavior is significantly shaped by the characteristics of the group. In this context, teamwork refers to the systematic and purposeful collaboration of group members.Method: This study adopts a qualitative research approach. It is cross-sectional in terms of timing, exploratory in nature, and applied in purpose. The study population consisted of all cultural and religious activists within the Mosque. Using purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 individuals, including instructors, assistant instructors, and members of the advisory board. Interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Through the coding and analysis of raw data, 355 open codes (the smallest meaningful units) were initially extracted. These were subsequently grouped into 109 basic concepts, which emerged from the synthesis of the open codes and provided structure and coherence to the findings. The validity of the data was ensured through methods such as expert review, citation triangulation, transferability checks, and participant validation.Results: The findings indicate that group communication within Safa Mosque encompasses themes such as:Social regeneration and comprehensive empowerment,Instructor-centered/trait-centered hierarchies,Network-based support,Collective good and operational rationality,Continuous performance evaluation,Role dynamics and diversity,Program outsourcing,Needs-based and specialized planning, andInteractive and integrated trainability.Due to the hierarchical and circle-based nature of these relationships-rooted in semantic frameworks of mentorship and discipleship (interpreted as instructor-centered/trait-centered hierarchies)-knowledge is transferred through multi-directional interactions. Social acceptance and learning are facilitated through established communication styles within defined groups and circles. Consequently, multilayered connections and affiliations have emerged, enabling the integration of individuals in terms of both function and density.Discussion and Conclusion: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a deeper exploration of group communication and revealing new dimensions of these interpersonal relationships. The results show that group communication in Safa Mosque is evolving towards a ritual-based communication model. These communications, while possessing top-down ritualistic aspects, are primarily rooted in organic ritual processes tied to the context of interaction.Within the framework of the ritual approach at Safa Grand Mosque, communication transcends the mere transmission of religious content; it becomes a mechanism for community preservation over time and adaptation to contemporary developments. Therefore, communication within the Mosque is not solely concerned with the spatial dissemination of religious teachings but also with the temporal continuity and cohesion of the community.Due to the interdependent structure of the circles, they are not isolated units. Rather, their diverse needs and areas of specialization create interconnections that reinforce group unity. While each group has distinct roles and functions, a shared structural framework prevents fragmentation. In this setting, linear message transmission is not the focus. Instead, group communication is characterized by a collective effort to co-construct meaning, centered on themes such as sharing, participation, unity, fellowship, and shared belief. Emphasis is placed on internal communicative fulfillment, not on the instrumental use of communication for individual or group-centric objectives.

Introduction: One of the realities that strongly affects culture and cultural institutions such as Mosques is the political power or government, and in this context, the main discussion is determining the limits and gaps for the emergence and emergence of government in the domain of the Mosque. It seems that the need to conduct applied research in the field of policy making and administration of Mosques is more important than ever, because other issues related to Mosques have been affected by the political and management affairs of these religious institutions, and perhaps the transformation and change of the policy making process will lead to reform. Other fields and areas should be in the area of ​​Mosques. In this regard, the aim of the mentioned article is to present the approaches of the government regarding the Mosque policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran.Methods:Based on the theme analysis process, descriptive coding was done by reading the interviews written by the researcher line by line, and based on this, descriptive themes were assigned to the sections of the interviews. After descriptive coding, by continuously comparing the descriptive codes several times, and by combining them, interpretation codes were produced that showed the interpretation of several descriptive themes in the form of an interpretive theme. These interpretive codes were sometimes one of the descriptive codes under which a number of other descriptive codes were placed, and with interpretive modifications, they became comprehensive of the meanings of the codes under their collection, or it was a new interpretive code that the researcher created to consolidate the meaning of several descriptive codes. was producing By continuing to compare and analyze the interpretative themes, finally, the experts' views on the government's approaches to the Mosque policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran were counted, in which the support, guarantee, monitoring and contingency approaches were explained as the organizing themes. In the support approach, actions such as predicting and allocating free land to people for building Mosques, freeing water, electricity and gas costs for Mosques, allocating and providing funds for Mosques, providing livelihood for imams and khudams, designing and building Mosques, preparing statistics and accurate per capita of Mosques, looking at the guarantee approach of activities such as the approval of laws and regulations around Mosques, reducing the bureaucratic process around Mosques, the inclusion of people's taxes to Mosques by the government, regarding the supervisory and contingency approach, and measures including monitoring the structural issues of Mosques and paying attention to Time and place requirements are important.Results: The descriptive results obtained from the collected data show that in the age group variable, 48.7% of the respondents are from 18 to 22 years old, 31.3% from 22 to 25 years old, 7.3% from 25 to 30 years old and 17% are more than 30 years old. have Regarding the library membership variable, 24% of the respondents are members of the university library, 28.7% are members of city libraries, 10% are members of other libraries and 37.3% are not members of any library. Regarding the level of education, it should be noted that 77.7% of the respondents They are in bachelor's degree and 22.3% are in master's degree. Also, 30.3% of respondents are employed and 69.7% are unemployed. Regarding the marital status, the collected data shows that 71.7% of the respondents are single and 28.3% are married. The results showed that in the field of economic factors, the components of "Amount of personal capital", "Amount of monthly salary" in the field of cultural factors are "tendency to the literature, history and culture of the country", "a person's educational qualification" and "participation in cultural and artistic exhibitions" and in the field of management factors, the components "organization of cultural actions in the society", "inconsistency of cultural management in the society" and "Monitoring the performance of cultural institutions" is the most important influencing factor in promoting the reading culture in the society from the perspective of Tehrani students. The findings from the data analysis showed that the managerial and cultural factors related to the promotion of reading culture in the study community were evaluated as favorable (good), but from the students' point of view, the economic factor as one of the influencing factors in the reading culture is relatively favorable (to the extent medium) were considered. In other words, managerial, cultural and economic factors were studied, respectively, among the effective factors on promoting the reading culture in the society.